戚继光戍蓟方略及其对明蒙关系的影响(硕士)

戚继光戍蓟方略及其对明蒙关系的影响(硕士)(论文90000字)
摘 要
蓟镇，边线绵长而地势险要，在永乐迁都后，成为“京师之肘腋，天下之腹心”，边防战略地位十分重要。隆庆年间，鉴于蒙古进犯凶猛而蓟镇边防薄弱、练兵屡次无效，朝廷北调抗倭名将福建总兵戚继光戍守蓟镇，训练兵马，以期改善蓟镇的边防困窘。戚继光于隆庆二年（1568年）就任后，先巡视蓟镇各项边防事务，在发现诸多蓟镇边防长期存在的弊病后，展开一系列军事整顿和革新，成效显著，不仅蓟镇的军事实力大为提高，蓟镇兵将屡败蒙古骑兵，蓟镇军民的安宁生活得以维护，而且戚继光对蒙古的友好和平的态度及相关合理举措，也有助于缓和明蒙矛盾、减轻民族仇恨。本文通过研读戚继光的兵书和明代相关史料，着重解析戚继光的戍蓟举措，包括边墙防御体系的强化及烽火侦查预警机制的完善，武器的革新及车骑步兵营的建立、兵力的补充及强化训练、还有他对士兵的关怀和提出的合理对蒙古方略，最后着重探讨戚继光戍蓟方略举措对当时明蒙双方的影响及对明蒙关系的重要意义。虽然戚继光戍蓟期间在以守卫主的战略下，不似南方时以攻为主时战功卓著，但从长远看，于国于民，特别是从研究明蒙关系的角度看，意义同样重大。

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关键词：戚继光；蓟镇；戍蓟方略；明蒙关系
 
The strategies guarding Ji Zhen area of Qi Jiguang and it's  influence on relationships between the Ming Dynasty and the Mongolia
ABSTRACT
Ji Zhen area , which has a long boundary and hard terrain , with the important strategic position of border defense, became “the elbow and armpit of the Capital” and “the vital part of China” after Emperor Yong le moved the capital to the Beijing. In the year of Long Qing in the Ming Dynasty, because of ferocious attacks of the Mongolia but weak border defense and army training's no effect of Ji Zhen area, The court had to send Qi Jiguang , which was a commanding officer of the Fu jian , north to Ji Zhen area to guard the place and to train armies of it , hoping to changing border defense's difficult position of Ji Zhen area. After Qi Jiguang took office in 1568, he checked the place's each border defense affairs and found numerous long-standing evils. Then aiming at the evils, he launched a series of military rectification and innovation which achieved remarkable success. This made military strength being greatly improved to defeat enemies time and again, and protect the local people's peaceful life, and Qi Jiguang's friendly attitude and reasonable measures to the Mongolia helped to mitigate the contradiction and national hatred between the Ming Dynasty and the Mongolia. According to Qi Jiguang's books on the art of war and historical materials of the Ming Dynasty, the paper focuses on the measures guarding Ji Zhen area of Qi Jiguang, including the strengthening of the Ming Dynasty's Great Wall defensive system、the improvement of Warning mechanism of beacon fire and reconnaissance、innovation of the weapons and the establishment of infantry、cavalry and vehicular soldier's united barracks、the supplement of military strength and the intensive training, in addition, Qi Jiguang's loving care showing for soldiers and reasonable measures to the Mongolia. Finally, the paper focuses on the the influence and significance of the strategies and measures guarding Ji Zhen area of Qi Jiguang on  relationships between the Ming Dynasty and the Mongolia. Qi Jiguang's defending first strategies when guarding Ji Zhen area was unlike strategies of attacking first which helped him to establish brilliant achievements in the war of Anti-Japanese in the Ming Dynasty, but in the long run, to the people as well as country, especially from the standpoint of the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and the Mongolia, it is of the same significance.

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KEY WORDS : Qi Jiguang;  Ji Zhen area;  the strategies guarding Ji Zhen area ;  relationships between the Ming Dynasty and the Mongolia

目 录
绪论 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（一）选题意义 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（二）史料综述 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（三）研究综述 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（四）研究方法及创新点 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
一、戚继光主持蓟镇防务原委 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（一）戚继光生平 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（二）明中叶对蒙关系的不断恶化及“北虏”边患的形成 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（三）蓟镇边防的严重危机 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（四）明廷调戚北戍决策始末 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ [版权所有：http://DOC163.com]
二、戚继光整顿蓟镇防务举措 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（一）对蓟镇防务漏洞的全面检讨 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（二）以攻防兼具为宗旨的全方位军事改革 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
   1.改进边墙防线‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
   2.革新武器装备‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
   3.加强戍边兵力——北调南兵、保留老弱‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
   4.申明军纪与强化训练‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
   5.完善烽燧侦候系统‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
   6.革新战法与编练车步骑营‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（三）对士兵疾苦细致入微的体察与关怀 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
   1.革除滥役‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
   2.充饷足食‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ [版权所有：http://DOC163.com]
   3.变通马政‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
   4.均齐劳逸‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（四）以恩威并施为原则的对蒙交涉方针 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
   1.除骄纵积弊‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
  2.严惩寇边行为‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
  3.适时宽大酋首‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
  4.以关市去抄掠‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
三、立竿见影的治边成效‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
四、戚继光戍蓟对于当时明蒙关系发展的重要影响‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（一）对左翼蒙古贵族南下企图的有效遏制‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（二）对右翼蒙古和好局面的有力巩固‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
（三）对减少明蒙冲突、缓和民族矛盾的积极作用‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ [来源：http://www.doc163.com]
结语‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
参考文献‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
致谢‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ [资料来源：http://doc163.com]